Center of Excellence for Protective Equipment and Materials (CEPEM), 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
Shandisa chinongedzo chiri pazasi kugovera yakazara chinyorwa chinyorwa chechinyorwa ichi neshamwari dzako uye vaunoshanda navo.dzidza zvimwe.
Masangano ehutano hweveruzhinji anokurudzira kuti nharaunda dzishandise masiki kudzikisa kupararira kwezvirwere zvinofambiswa nemhepo zvakaita seCOVID-19.Kana iyo mask ichiita senge yakakwira-inoshanda sefa, kupararira kwehutachiona kunodzikiswa, saka zvakakosha kuti uongorore particle filtration performance (PFE) yemask.Nekudaro, iyo mitengo yakakwira uye nguva dzekutungamira dzakareba dzakabatana nekutenga turnkey PFE system kana kuhaya rabhoritari yakatenderwa inotadzisa kuyedzwa kwezvinhu zvesefa.Pane zvakajeka kudiwa kwe "customized" PFE test system;zvisinei, zviyero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinorayira kuongororwa kwePFE ye (kurapwa) masks (somuenzaniso, ASTM International, NIOSH) inosiyana zvikuru mukujeka kwemitemo yavo uye nhungamiro.Pano, kuvandudzwa kwe "yemukati" PFE system uye nzira yekuyedza masiki mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano ekurapa mask mazinga anotsanangurwa.Zvinoenderana nezviyero zveASTM zvepasirese, sisitimu inoshandisa latex spheres (0.1 µm nominal size) aerosols uye inoshandisa laser particle analyzer kuyera iyo particle concentration kumusoro uye pasi pemvura yemasiki zvinhu.Ita zviyero zvePFE pamachira akasiyana siyana uye masiki ekurapa.Iyo nzira inotsanangurwa mubasa iri inosangana nezviyero zvazvino zvekuyedzwa kwePFE, uku ichipa kuchinjika kuchinjika kune shanduko yezvinodiwa uye kusefa mamiriro.
Masangano ehutano hweveruzhinji anokurudzira kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu vapfeke masiki kudzikamisa kupararira kweCCIDID-19 uye zvimwe zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa neaerosol.[1] Chinodiwa chekupfeka masiki chinoshanda mukuderedza kutapurirana, uye [2] inoratidza kuti masks emunharaunda asina kuongororwa anopa kusefa kunobatsira.Asi izvo, zvidzidzo zvekuenzanisira zvakaratidza kuti kudzikiswa kwekutapurirana kweCCIDID-19 kwakada kuenzana neyakasanganiswa chigadzirwa chekushanda kwemasiki uye mwero wekugamuchira, uye aya nemamwe matanho-akavakirwa nehuwandu ane hukama mukuderedza kuchipatara uye kufa.[3]
Huwandu hwemasiki ekurapa akasimbiswa uye ekufema anodiwa nevehutano uye vamwe vashandi vepamberi akawedzera zvakanyanya, zvichiunza matambudziko kune aripo ekugadzira uye ekupa cheni, uye zvichikonzera kuti vagadziri vatsva vaedze nekukurumidza nekupa zvitupa zvitsva.Masangano akadai seASTM International neNational Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) vakagadzira nzira dzakamisikidzwa dzekuyedza masiki ekurapa;zvisinei, tsanangudzo dzenzira idzi dzinosiyana-siyana, uye sangano rega rega rakagadza maitiro aro ekuita.
Particulate filtration performance (PFE) ndiyo inonyanya kukosha hunhu hwemask nekuti ine hukama nekugona kwayo kusefa tudiki senge aerosols.Masks ekurapwa anofanirwa kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvePFE [4-6] kuitira kuti abvumidzwe nemasangano anodzora akadai seASTM International kana NIOSH.Masks ekuvhiya anopupurirwa neASTM, uye N95 respirators anosimbiswa neNIOSH, asi masiki ese ari maviri anofanirwa kupfuura chaiwo PFE akachekwa-kubvisa kukosha.Semuyenzaniso, maN95 masiki anofanirwa kuwana 95% kusefa kwemaaerosols anoumbwa nemunyu zvidimbu zvine avhareji yedhayamita ye0.075 µm, nepo ASTM 2100 L3 masks ekuvhiya anofanirwa kuwana 98% kusefa kwemaaerosols anoumbwa nelatex mabhora ane avhareji yedhayamita ye0.1 µm .
Idzo mbiri dzekutanga sarudzo dzinodhura (> $1,000 pamuenzaniso webvunzo, inofungidzirwa kuva> $150,000 yemidziyo yakatarwa), uye panguva yeCOVID-1,000 denda, pane kunonoka nekuda kwenguva refu yekutumira uye nenyaya dzekupa.Mutengo wakakwira wekuyedzwa kwePFE uye kodzero shoma dzekuwana - zvakasanganiswa nekushaikwa kwegwara rinoenderana pane yakajairwa ongororo yekushanda - zvaita kuti vaongorori vashandise akasiyana siyana emhando dzekuyedza masisitimu, ayo anowanzo akavakirwa pane imwe kana anopfuura mwero wemasiki ekurapa akasimbiswa.
Iyo yakakosha masiki yemidziyo yekuyedza inowanikwa muzvinyorwa zviripo kazhinji yakafanana neiyo yataurwa pamusoro NIOSH kana ASTM F2100/F2299 zviyero.Nekudaro, vaongorori vane mukana wekusarudza kana kushandura dhizaini kana maparamendi ekushanda zvinoenderana nezvavanofarira.Semuyenzaniso, shanduko mumuenzaniso wepamusoro velocity, mhepo/aerosol kuyerera mwero, saizi yemuenzaniso (nzvimbo), uye aerosol particle composition yakashandiswa.Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvichangoburwa zvakashandisa michina yakagadziridzwa kuongorora mask zvinhu.Midziyo iyi inoshandisa sodium chloride aerosols uye iri padyo neNIOSH zviyero.Somuenzaniso, Rogak et al.(2020), Zangmeister et al.(2020), Drunic et al.(2020) uye Joo et al.(2021) Yese midziyo yakagadzirwa inoburitsa sodium chloride aerosol (yakasiyana saizi), iyo isingachinjiki nemagetsi kuchaja, yakanyungudutswa nemhepo yakasefa uye inotumirwa kune sampuli yezvinhu, uko optical particle sizer, yakanyungudutswa zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana Yakasanganiswa particle concentration [9] 14-16] Konda et al.(2020) uye Hao et al.(2020) Chishandiso chakafanana chakavakwa, asi yekuchaja neutralizer haina kubatanidzwa.[8, 17] Mune zvidzidzo izvi, kukurumidza kwemhepo mumuenzaniso kwakasiyana pakati pe1 ne90 L min-1 (dzimwe nguva kuona kuyerera / kukurumidza kwemigumisiro);zvisinei, kumhanya kwepamusoro kwaive pakati pe5.3 ne25 cm s-1 pakati.Saizi yemuenzaniso inoita seinosiyana pakati pe ≈3.4 ne59 cm2.
Kusiyana neizvi, pane zvidzidzo zvishoma pamusoro pekuongororwa kwezvinhu zvemask kuburikidza nemidziyo inoshandisa latex aerosol, iri padyo neASTM F2100/F2299 standard.Somuenzaniso, Bagheri et al.(2021), Shakya et al.(2016) uye Lu et al.(2020) Yakagadzira mudziyo wekugadzira polystyrene latex aerosol, iyo yakanyungudutswa uye yakatumirwa kune zvinhu samples, uko kwakasiyana-siyana particle analyzers kana scanning mobility particle size analyzers yakashandiswa kuyera particle concentration.[18-20] naRu et al.A charger neutralizer yakashandiswa zasi kweaerosol jenareta yavo, uye vanyori vezvimwe zvidzidzo zviviri havana.Kuyerera kwemhepo mumuenzaniso kwakachinjawo zvishoma-asi mukati memiganhu yeF2299 standard-kubva ≈7.3 kusvika 19 L min-1.Mhepo yepamusoro yevelocity yakadzidzwa naBagheri et al.iri 2 uye 10 cm s-1 (mukati meiyo chiyero), zvichiteerana.Uye Lu et al., uye Shakya et al.[18-20] Mukuwedzera, munyori uye Shakya et al.yakaedzwa latex spheres ehukuru hwakasiyana (kureva, zvakazara, 20 nm kusvika 2500 nm).Uye Lu et al.Zvirinani mune mamwe bvunzo dzavo, vanoshandisa iyo yakatsanangurwa 100 nm (0.1 µm) particle size.
Mubasa iri, tinotsanangura matambudziko atinosangana nawo mukugadzira PFE mudziyo unoenderana nearipo ASTM F2100/F2299 mwero nepose patinogona napo.Pakati pemiyero mikuru yakakurumbira (kureva NIOSH neASTM F2100/F2299), chiyero cheASTM chinopa kuchinjika kukuru mumaparamita (seyekuyerera kwemhepo) kudzidza masefa anogona kukanganisa PFE mumasiki asiri ekurapa.Nekudaro, sezvatakaratidza, kuchinjika uku kunopa imwe nhanho yekuoma mukugadzira michina yakadaro.
Makemikari akatengwa kubva kuSigma-Aldrich uye akashandiswa sezvaari.Styrene monomer (≥99%) inonatswa kuburikidza negirazi koramu ine alumina inhibitor remover, iyo yakagadzirirwa kubvisa tert-butylcatechol.Deionized mvura (≈0.037 µS cm-1) inobva kuSartorius Arium mvura yekuchenesa system.
100% donje plain weave (Muslin CT) ine huremu hwezita hwe 147 gm-2 inobva kuVeratex Lining Ltd., QC, uye musanganiswa we bamboo/spandex unobva kuD. Zinman Textiles, QC.Zvimwe zvigadziriso zvemasiki zvinhu zvinouya kubva kune vatengesi vemachira emuno (Fabricland).Zvishandiso izvi zvinosanganisira machira maviri akasiyana 100% edonje akarukwa (ane maprints akasiyana), rimwe donje/spandex rakarukwa jira, machira maviri edonje/polyester akarukwa (rimwe "renyika yose" uye rimwe "jira rejuzi") uye A risiri rakarukwa donje/polypropylene yakasanganiswa. zvinhu zvekurovesa donje.Tafura 1 inoratidza pfupiso yezvinozivikanwa zvemachira.Kuitira kuenzanisa michina mitsva iyi, masks ekurapa ane certification akawanikwa kubva kuzvipatara zvemuno, kusanganisira ASTM 2100 Level 2 (L2) uye Level 3 (L3; Halyard) yakasimbiswa masiki ekurapa uye N95 respirators (3M).
Sample yedenderedzwa inenge 85 mm dhayamita yakachekwa kubva kune chimwe nechimwe chinhu kuti chiedzwe;hapana kumwe kugadziridzwa kwakaitwa kune izvo zvinhu (semuenzaniso, kugeza).Batanidza loop yejira mumubati wemuenzaniso wePFE mudziyo wekuyedza.Iyo chaiyo dhayamita yemuenzaniso inosangana nemhepo inoyerera ndeye 73 mm, uye zvinhu zvakasara zvinoshandiswa zvakasimba kugadzirisa sampuli.Kune mask yakaungana, rutivi runobata chiso chiri kure neaerosol yezvinhu zvakapiwa.
Synthesis ye monodisperse anionic polystyrene latex spheres ne emulsion polymerization.Zvinoenderana nemaitiro akatsanangurwa muchidzidzo chakapfuura, maitiro akaitwa mune semi-batch modhi ye monomer nzara.[21, 22] Wedzera mvura yakasvibiswa (160 mL) kune 250 mL ine mitsipa mitatu yakatenderera pasi flask uye uiise mubhati remafuta rinokurudzira.Flask yakabva yacheneswa nenitrogen uye isina inhibitor-free styrene monomer (2.1 mL) yakawedzerwa kune yakacheneswa, yakabvongodzwa.Mushure memaminitsi gumi pa 70 ° C, wedzera sodium lauryl sulfate (0.235 g) yakanyungudutswa mumvura yakasvibiswa (8 mL).Mushure memamwe maminitsi mashanu, potassium persulfate (0.5 g) yakanyungudutswa mumvura yakasvibiswa (2 mL) yakawedzerwa.Mumaawa mashanu anotevera, shandisa jekiseni pombi yejekiseni zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera inhibitor-free styrene (20 mL) muflask pamwero we66 µL min-1.Mushure mekunge infusion ye styrene yapera, maitiro akaenderera mberi kwemamwe maawa 17.Ipapo furasiki yakavhurwa uye yakatonhodzwa kuti ipedze polymerization.Iyo yakagadzirwa polystyrene latex emulsion yakadhindwa pamvura yakasvibiswa muSnakeSkin dialysis chubhu (3500 Da molecular weight cut-off) kwemazuva mashanu, uye mvura yakasvibiswa yakatsiviwa zuva rega rega.Bvisa emulsion kubva pa dialysis tube uye uichengete mufiriji pa 4 ° C kusvika kushandiswa.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) yakaitwa neBrookhaven 90Plus analyzer, laser wavelength yaive 659 nm, uye detector angle yaive 90°.Shandisa yakavakirwa-mukati chidimbu mhinduro software (v2.6; Brookhaven Instruments Corporation) kuongorora iyo data.Iyo latex suspension inonatswa nemvura ine deionized kusvika particle count inosvika zviuru mazana mashanu ekuverenga pasekondi (kcps).Saizi yepakati yakatemwa kuve 125 ± 3 nm, uye iyo inonzi polydispersity yaive 0.289 ± 0.006.
A ZetaPlus zeta inogona analyzer (Brookhaven Instruments Corp.) yakashandiswa kuwana kukosha kwakayerwa kwezeta inogona muchikamu chekuongorora chiedza chekuparadzira mode.Sample yakagadziridzwa nekuwedzera aliquot yelatex kune 5 × 10-3m NaCl mhinduro uye kunyungudutsa latex kumiswa zvakare kuti iwane chidimbu chekuverenga chingangoita 500 kcps.Zviyero zvishanu zvakadzokororwa (imwe neimwe inosanganisira 30 inomhanya) yakaitwa, zvichiita kuti zeta inogona kukosha -55.1 ± 2.8 mV, apo kukanganisa kunomiririra kutsauka kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekudzokorora kushanu.Izvi zviyero zvinoratidza kuti zvimedu zvinopomerwa zvisina kunaka uye zvinogadzira kumira kwakagadzikana.DLS uye zeta inogona kuwanikwa data inogona kuwanikwa mune inotsigira ruzivo matafura S2 uye S3.
Takavaka midziyo maererano neASTM International mitemo, sezvinotsanangurwa pasi apa uye inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Imwe-jet Blaustein atomization module (BLAM; CHTech) aerosol generator inoshandiswa kubudisa aerosols ane latex balls.Mhepo yakasefa (yakawanikwa kuburikidza neGE Healthcare Whatman 0.3 µm HEPA-CAP uye 0.2 µm POLYCAP TF mafirita munhevedzano) inopinda mujenareta yeaerosol nekumanikidza kwe20 psi (6.9 kPa) uye inoisa chikamu che5 mg L-1 kuturika Mvura inobaiwa mubhora relatex remudziyo kuburikidza nepombi yesirinji (KD Scientific Model 100).Iyo aerosolized wet particles inoomeswa nekupfuura mhepo yemhepo ichisiya aerosol jenareta kuburikidza ne tubular heat exchanger.Chiyereso chekupisa chine 5/8 ”stainless simbi chubhu yakakuvadzwa ine 8-foot-kureba coil yekudziya.Iyo yakabuda ndeye 216 W (BriskHeat).Maererano nedhiyabhorosi yayo inogadziriswa, iyo heater inobuda yakaiswa ku40% yehuwandu hwekukosha kwechigadzirwa (≈86 W);izvi zvinogadzira avhareji yekunze kwemadziro tembiricha ye112 °C (yakajairwa kutsauka ≈1 °C), iyo inotarirwa nepamusoro-yakaiswa thermocouple (Taylor USA) kuyerwa.Mufananidzo S4 mune ruzivo rwekutsigira inopfupikisa kuita kweheater.
Zvimedu zvakaomeswa zveatomu zvinosanganiswa nehuwandu hwemhepo yakasefa kuti uwane huwandu hwekuyerera kwemhepo hwe28.3 L min-1 (kureva, 1 cubic tsoka paminiti).Ukoshi uhwu hwakasarudzwa nekuti ndiyo chaiyo yekuyerera mwero welaser particle analyzer chiridzwa sampling kuzasi kwehurongwa.Mhepo inoyerera inotakura latex zvimedu inotumirwa kune imwe yemakamuri maviri akafanana (kureva machubhu esimbi asina simbi anotsvedzerera): kamuri "yekudzora" isina masiki zvinhu, kana denderedzwa-yakachekwa "sample" kamuri-kushandisa inobviswa. inoiswa kunze kwejira.Iyo dhayamita yemukati yemakamuri maviri ndeye 73 mm, iyo inofanana nedhayamita yemukati yemubati wemuenzaniso.Mubati wemuenzaniso anoshandisa zvindori zvakakanyiwa uye mabhaudhi akadzoserwa kuvhara zvakasimba masiki zvinhu, wobva waisa bhuraketi rinobvisika mukati memukana wekamuri yekuenzanisira, woisimbisa zvakasimba mumudziyo nerubha gaskets uye zvisungo (Mufananidzo S2, ruzivo rwekutsigira).
Iyo dhayamita yejira sampuli inosangana nemhepo inoyerera ndeye 73 mm (nzvimbo = 41.9 cm2);yakavharwa mukamuri yemuenzaniso panguva yekuedzwa.Kuyerera kwemhepo kunosiya "kutonga" kana "sample" kamuri inotamirwa kune laser particle analyzer (particle measurement system LASAIR III 110) kuyera nhamba uye kuiswa kwe latex particles.Iyo particle analyzer inotsanangura iyo yakaderera uye yepamusoro miganho ye particle concentration, zvakateerana 2 × 10-4 uye ≈34 zvimedu pa cubic tsoka (7 uye ≈950 000 zvimedu pa cubic tsoka).Pakuyerwa kwe latex particle concentration, iyo particle concentration inoshumwa mu "bhokisi" rine muganho wakaderera uye muganho wepamusoro we 0.10-0.15 µm, inoenderana nechiyero chekukura kwe singlet latex particles muaerosol.Nekudaro, mamwe mabhini saizi anogona kushandiswa, uye akawanda mabhini anogona kuongororwa panguva imwe chete, aine huwandu hwehukuru hwe5 µm.
Midziyo iyi inosanganisirawo zvimwe midziyo, senge midziyo yekutsvaira kamuri uye particle analyzer nemhepo yakachena yakasefa, pamwe nemavharuvhu anodiwa uye zviridzwa (Mufananidzo 1).Iyo yakazara pombi uye dhayagiramu yezviridzwa inoratidzwa muMufananidzo S1 uye Tafura S1 yeruzivo rwunotsigira.
Munguva yekuedza, latex kumiswa kwakaiswa jenareta yeaerosol pamwero wekuyerera we ≈60 kusvika 100 µL min-1 kuchengetedza yakagadzikana particle inobuda, ingangoita 14-25 particles per cubic centimeter (400 000-per cubic centimita) 700 000 zvimedu).Tsoka) mubhini rine saizi ye0.10–0.15 µm.Iyi nhanho yekuyerera inodiwa nekuda kwekuchinja kwakacherechedzwa mukusangana kwelatex zvimedu kuzasi kwejenareta yeaerosol, iyo inogona kuve yakakonzerwa nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwelatex suspension yakabatwa nemusungo wemvura wejenareta yeaerosol.
Kuti uyere iyo PFE yesample yejira rakapihwa, iyo latex particle aerosol inotanga kutamiswa kuburikidza nekamuri yekudzora yozoendeswa kune particle analyzer.Ramba uchiyera huwandu hwezvikamu zvitatu mukukurumidza kutevedzana, chimwe nechimwe chinotora miniti imwe.Iyo particle analyzer inoshuma nguva yeavhareji yekusangana kwezvimedu panguva yekuongorora, kureva, avhareji yekusangana kwezvikamu muminiti imwe (28.3 L) yemuenzaniso.Mushure mekutora aya ekutanga kuyerwa kuti agadzirise yakagadzikana particle count uye gasi kuyerera mwero, iyo aerosol inoendeswa kukamuri yekuenzanisira.Kana hurongwa hwasvika pakuenzanisa (kazhinji 60-90 seconds), mamwe matatu akatevedzana eminiti imwe zviyero zvinotorwa nekukurumidza kutevedzana.Iyi miyero yemuenzaniso inomiririra kuunganidzwa kwezvikamu zvinopfuura nepamuenzaniso wejira.Mushure mezvo, nekutsemura kuyerera kweaerosol ichidzokera kukamuri yekudzora, humwe hutatu hutatu huyero hwekuyerwa hwakatorwa kubva mukamuri yekudzora kuti vaone kuti kukwira kwechikamu chechikamu hakuna kuchinja zvakanyanya panguva yese yekuongorora sampuli.Sezvo dhizaini yemakamuri maviri akafanana - kunze kwekuti kamuri yekuenzanisira inogona kugarisa muchengeti wemuenzaniso - mamiriro ekuyerera ari mukamuri anogona kutorwa seakafanana, saka kusangana kwezvikamu mugasi zvichisiya kamuri yekudzora uye kamuri yekuenzanisira. inogona kuenzaniswa.
Kuti uchengetedze hupenyu hweiyo particle analyzer chiridzwa uye kubvisa aerosol zvimedu muhurongwa pakati peyedzo yega yega, shandisa HEPA yakasefa yemhepo jet kuchenesa particle analyzer mushure meyero yega yega, uye kuchenesa kamuri yekuenzanisira usati wachinja masampuli.Ndokumbira utarise kuMufananidzo S1 mune ruzivo rwekutsigira kune dhizaini yedhiyagiramu yemhepo yekutsvaira system paPFE mudziyo.
Ichi chiverengero chinomiririra imwechete "yakadzokororwa" chiyero chePFE chechimwe chinhu sampuli uye yakaenzana nePFE kuverenga muASTM F2299 (Equation (2)).
Zvishandiso zvinotsanangurwa mu §2.1 zvakapikiswa ne latex aerosols vachishandisa michina yePFE inotsanangurwa mu §2.3 kuti ione kukodzera kwavo semasiki zvinhu.Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza kuverenga kunowanikwa kubva kune particle concentration analyzer, uye PFE kukosha kwemachira ejuzi uye zvinhu zvekurova zvinoyerwa panguva imwe chete.Matatu ekuenzanisa ekuongorora akaitwa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zviviri uye kudzokorora katanhatu.Zviripachena, kuverenga kwekutanga mune seti yezviverengero zvitatu (yakafukidzwa nemuvara wakareruka) kazhinji kwakasiyana kubva kune mamwe maviri kuverenga.Semuenzaniso, kuverenga kwekutanga kunosiyana neavhareji yemamwe maviri ekuverenga mu12-15 katatu mumufananidzo 2 neanopfuura 5%.Kucherekedza uku kune hukama nechiyero chemhepo ine aerosol inoyerera kuburikidza neiyo particle analyzer.Sezvakakurukurwa muZvishandiso uye Nzira, kuverenga kwekuenzanisa (yechipiri uye yechitatu kutonga uye kuverenga kwemuenzaniso) yakashandiswa kuverenga PFE murima rebhuruu uye tsvuku mumvuri muFigure 2, zvichiteerana.Pakazere, avhareji PFE kukosha kweatatu akadzokorora ndeye 78% ± 2% yejira rejuzi uye 74% ± 2% yedonje inorova zvinhu.
Kuti uenzanise mashandiro eiyo system, ASTM 2100 certified medical masks (L2, L3) uye NIOSH respirators (N95) akaongororwawo.Iyo ASTM F2100 yakajairwa inoseta iyo sub-micron particle kusefa kunyatsoshanda kwe0.1 µm zvimedu zvenhanho 2 uye level 3 masks kuve ≥ 95% uye ≥ 98%, zvichiteerana.[5] Saizvozvo, NIOSH-yakasimbiswa N95 respirators inofanirwa kuratidza kusefa kwe ≥95% yeatomize NaCl nanoparticles ine avhareji dhayamita ye0.075 µm.[24] Rengasamy et al.Zvinoenderana nemishumo, akafanana N95 masks anoratidza kukosha kwePFE kwe99.84% -99.98%, [25] Zangmeister et al.Sekureva kwemishumo, N95 yavo inoburitsa kushomeka kwesefa yeanopfuura 99.9%, [14] nepo Joo et al.Sekureva kwemishumo, 3M N95 masks yakagadzira 99% yePFE (300 nm zvimedu), [16] uye Hao et al.Iyo yakashumwa N95 PFE (300 nm zvimedu) ndeye 94.4%.[17] Kune maviri maN95 masiki akapokana naShakya et al.ine 0.1 µm latex mabhora, PFE yakadonha zvishoma pakati pe80% ne100%.[19] Apo Lu et al.Uchishandisa latex mabhora ehukuru hwakafanana kuongorora N95 masks, avhareji PFE inonzi i93.8%.[20] Migumisiro yakawanikwa uchishandisa midziyo inotsanangurwa mubasa iri inoratidza kuti PFE yeN95 mask ndeye 99.2 ± 0.1%, iyo inobvumirana zvakanaka nezvidzidzo zvakawanda zvekare.
Masks ekuvhiya akaedzwawo mune akati wandei zvidzidzo.Masks ekuvhiya eHao et al.yakaratidza PFE (300 nm zvimedu) ye73.4%, [17] nepo masiki matatu ekuvhiya akaedzwa naDrewnick et al.Iyo PFE yakagadzira kubva pa60% kusvika kunosvika zana muzana.[15] (Mask yekupedzisira inogona kunge iri muenzaniso wakasimbiswa.) Zvisinei, Zangmeister et al.Sekureva kwemishumo, kushomeka kwekusefa kwemasks maviri ekuvhiya akaedzwa kunongokwira zvishoma pane 30%, [14] yakadzikira zvakanyanya kupfuura masks ekuvhiya akaedzwa muchidzidzo ichi.Saizvozvo, iyo "yebhuruu yekuvhiya mask" yakaedzwa naJoo et al.Ratidza kuti PFE (300 nm particles) inongova 22%.[16] Shakya et al.yakashuma kuti PFE yemasiki ekuvhiya (ichishandisa 0.1 µm latex particles) yakadzikira zvinosvika 60-80%.[19] Ichishandisa latex mabhora ehukuru hwakafanana, Lu et al.'s surgical mask yakaburitsa avhareji PFE mhedzisiro ye80.2%.[20] Mukuenzanisa, iyo PFE yeL2 mask yedu i94.2 ± 0.6%, uye PFE yeL3 mask ndeye 94.9 ± 0.3%.Kunyangwe maPFE aya achipfuura maPFE mazhinji mumabhuku, isu tinofanirwa kucherechedza kuti panenge pasina chitupa chakataurwa muongororo yapfuura, uye masks edu ekuvhiya akawana level 2 uye level 3 chitupa.
Nenzira imwecheteyo yakaongororwa zvinhu zvemumiriri wemasiki muMufananidzo 2, bvunzo nhatu dzakaitwa pane zvimwe zvitanhatu kuti zvione kukodzera kwazvo mumask uye kuratidza kushanda kwePFE mudziyo.Mufananidzo 3 unoronga kukosha kwePFE yezvinhu zvese zvakaedzwa uye unozvienzanisa nePFE tsika dzinowanikwa nekuongorora dzakasimbiswa L3 uye N95 mask zvinhu.Kubva kune gumi nerimwe masiki / mumiriri wemasiki zvinhu zvakasarudzirwa basa iri, huwandu hwakasiyana hwekuita kwePFE hunogona kuoneka zvakajeka, kubva pa ≈10% kusvika padyo ne100%, zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvidzidzo, [8, 9, 15] uye indasitiri inotsanangura. Hapana hukama hwakajeka pakati pePFE nePFE.Semuyenzaniso, zvigadzirwa zvine akafanana kuumbwa (mbiri 100% donje samples uye donje muslin) inoratidza akasiyana kwazvo PFE kukosha (14%, 54%, uye 13%, zvichiteerana).Asi zvakakosha kuti kuita kwakaderera (semuenzaniso, 100% donje A; PFE ≈ 14%), kuita kwepakati (somuenzaniso, 70%/30% donje/polyester musanganiswa; PFE ≈ 49%) uye kushanda kwepamusoro (semuenzaniso, jezi Mucheka; PFE ≈ 78%) Iyo jira inogona kunyatsozivikanwa uchishandisa PFE midziyo inotsanangurwa mubasa iri.Kunyanya machira ejuzi uye mabheti edonje akaitwa zvakanaka kwazvo, aine maPFE kubva pa70% kusvika 80%.Zvinhu zvakadai zvepamusoro-soro zvinogona kuonekwa uye kuongororwa zvakadzama kuti unzwisise maitiro anobatsira pakuita kwavo kwepamusoro.Nekudaro, isu tinoda kuyeuchidza kuti nekuti iyo PFE mhedzisiro yezvigadzirwa zvine tsananguro yeindasitiri yakafanana (kureva zvinhu zvekotoni) zvakasiyana zvakanyanya, data iri hariratidze kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinobatsira zvakanyanya kumasiki emucheka, uye isu hatidi kufungidzira zvivakwa- zvinhu zvikamu.Hukama hwekuita.Isu tinopa mienzaniso chaiyo yekuratidza calibration, kuratidza kuti kuyerwa kunovhara huwandu hwese hwekugona kusefa, uye kupa saizi yekuyerwa kukanganisa.
Isu takawana mhedzisiro iyi yePFE kuratidza kuti zvishandiso zvedu zvine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekuyerwa, kukanganisa kwakaderera, uye zvichienzaniswa nedata rakawanikwa mumabhuku.Somuenzaniso, Zangmeister et al.Mhedzisiro yePFE yemachira akati wandei akarukwa (eg "Cotton 1-11 ″) (89 kusvika 812 shinda pa inch) inonzi.Mune 9 yezvigadzirwa zve11, iyo "minimum filtration performance" inotangira pa0% kusvika 25%;iyo PFE yezvimwe zvinhu zviviri ingangoita 32%.[14] Saizvozvowo, Konda et al.Iyo PFE data yemachira maviri ekotoni (80 uye 600 TPI; 153 uye 152 gm-2) inoshumwa.Iyo PFE inotangira pa7% kusvika 36% uye 65% kusvika 85%, zvichiteerana.Muchidzidzo chaDrewnick et al., mumachira edonje-mwe chete (kureva donje, donje rakarukwa, moleton; 139–265 TPI; 80–140 gm–2), huwandu hwezvinhu zvePFE hunosvika gumi kubva muzana kusvika makumi matatu muzana.Muchidzidzo chaJoo et al., 100% yavo yekotoni zvinhu zvine PFE ye8% (300 nm particles).Bagheri et al.yakashandisa polystyrene latex particles ye 0.3 kusvika 0.5 µm.Iyo PFE yezvinhu zvitanhatu zvedonje (120-200 TPI; 136-237 gm-2) yakayerwa, kubva pa0% kusvika 20%.[18] Naizvozvo, zvizhinji zvezvishandiso izvi zviri muchibvumirano chakanaka nePFE mhedzisiro yemachira edu matatu ekotoni (kureva Veratex Muslin CT, Fabric Store Cottons A uye B), uye avhareji yavo yekusefa inoshanda i13%, 14% uye zvichiteerana.54%.Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti pane misiyano mikuru pakati pemidziyo yedonje uye kuti zvinhu zvinotungamira kuPFE yakakwira (kureva Konda et al.'s 600 TPI donje; donje redu B) hazvinzwisiswe.
Pakuita kuenzanisa uku, tinobvuma kuti zvakaoma kuwana zvinhu zvakaedzwa muzvinyorwa zvine maitiro akafanana (kureva, kuumbwa kwezvinhu, kuruka nekuruka, TPI, huremu, nezvimwewo) nemidziyo yakaedzwa muchidzidzo chino, uye naizvozvo haigoni kuenzaniswa zvakananga.Mukuwedzera, kusiyana kwezviridzwa zvinoshandiswa nevanyori uye kushayikwa kwemaitiro anoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuita kuenzanisa kwakanaka.Zvakadaro, zviri pachena kuti hukama hwekuita / hwekuita hwemachira akajairwa haunzwisisike.Zvishandiso zvinozoedzwa zvakare neyakajairwa, inochinjika uye yakavimbika michina (senge michina inotsanangurwa mubasa iri) kuona hukama uhwu.
Kunyangwe paine chikanganiso chehuwandu hwehuwandu (0-5%) pakati pechinyorwa chimwe chete (0-4%) uye masampula akaongororwa akapetwa katatu, michina yakatsanangurwa mubasa iri yakaratidza kuve chishandiso chinoshanda chekuyedza PFE yezvinhu zvakasiyana.Machira akajairika kumasiki ekurapa masks.Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti pakati pezvinhu gumi neimwe zvakaedzwa Mufananidzo 3, kukanganisa kwekuparadzira σprop kunodarika kutsauka kwakajairwa pakati pezviyero zvePFE zvesample imwe chete, kureva, iyo σsd ye9 kunze kwegumi neimwe zvinhu;izvi zviviri zvinosarudzika zvinoitika muYakanyanya high PFE kukosha (kureva L2 uye L3 mask).Kunyangwe mhedzisiro yakapihwa naRengasamy et al.Kuratidza kuti mutsauko uripo pakati peakadzokororwa samples idiki (kureva, kudzokorora kashanu <0.29%), [25] vakadzidza zvinhu zvine yakakwirira inozivikanwa kusefa zvivakwa zvakagadzirirwa chaizvo kugadzira mask: iyo pachayo inogona kunge yakanyanya kufanana, uye bvunzo zvakare Izvi. nharaunda yePFE renji inogona kunge ichienderana.Pakazere, mibairo yakawanikwa tichishandisa midziyo yedu inoenderana nePFE data uye zvitupa zvakawanikwa nevamwe vaongorori.
Kunyangwe PFE iri chiratidzo chakakosha chekuyera kuita kwemask, panguva ino tinofanira kuyeuchidza vaverengi kuti kuongororwa kwakadzama kwezvinhu zvemangwana maski kunofanirwa kufunga nezve zvimwe zvinhu, kureva, kupenya kwezvinhu (kureva, kuburikidza nekudonha kwekumanikidza kana kusiyanisa kudzvanywa bvunzo. )Pane mitemo muASTM F2100 uye F3502.Kufema kunogamuchirika kwakakosha pakunyaradza kweanopfeka uye kudzivirira kubuda kwemaski edge panguva yekufema.Sezvo iyo PFE uye kupera kwemhepo kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvakajairika zvinowanzoenderana, kuyerwa kwekudonhedza kunofanirwa kuitwa pamwe chete nechiyero chePFE kuti unyatso kuongorora mashandiro emasiki zvinhu.
Isu tinokurudzira kuti nhungamiro yekugadzira michina yePFE zvinoenderana neASTM F2299 yakakosha mukuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwemazinga, kugadzirwa kwedata rekutsvagisa rinogona kuenzaniswa pakati pemarabhoritari ekutsvagisa, uye kukwidziridzwa kwekusefa kweaerosol.Kuvimba chete neiyo NIOSH (kana F3502) yakajairwa, iyo inotsanangura mudziyo mumwe chete (TSI 8130A) uye inorambidza vaongorori kutenga zvigadzirwa zveturnkey (semuenzaniso, masisitimu eTSI).Kuvimba nemasisitimu akamisikidzwa akadai seTSI 8130A kwakakosha kune yazvino chiyero chitupa, asi inodzikamisa kuvandudzwa kwemasks, mafemero, uye mamwe matekinoroji ekusefa kweaerosol anopesana nekufambira mberi kwekutsvagisa.Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti iyo NIOSH chiyero chakagadziridzwa senzira yekuyedza kufema pasi pemamiriro akaomarara anotarisirwa kana ichi chishandiso ichidikanwa, asi zvakasiyana, masks ekuvhiya anoedzwa neASTM F2100/F2299 nzira.Chimiro uye chimiro chemasiki emunharaunda akafanana nemasks ekuvhiya, izvo zvisingareve kuti vane yakanakisa kusefa inoshanda kuita seN95.Kana masks ekuvhiya achiri kuongororwa zvinoenderana neASTM F2100/F2299, machira akajairwa anofanirwa kuongororwa uchishandisa nzira iri padyo neASTM F2100/F2299.Pamusoro pezvo, ASTM F2299 inobvumira kuwedzera kuchinjika mumaparamendi akasiyana (seyekuyerera kwemhepo uye kumhanya kwepamusoro muzvidzidzo zvekufefeta zvakanaka), izvo zvingaite kuti ive chiyero chepamusoro-soro munzvimbo yekutsvagisa.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-30-2021